![]() Despite these substantial climatic shifts, some variables (e.g., extreme weather events per year) have remained largely stable through the interval. Furthermore, the annual growing season has lengthened by 23 days to ~163 days, and the annual number of frost-free days increased by 13 days to ~215 days. ![]() ![]() Using LOWESS regressions, it was found that annual and seasonal temperatures in Ottawa have generally increased through this interval, precipitation has shifted to a less snowy, rainier regime, and diurnal temperature variation has decreased. Variables analyzed included records of annual, seasonal, and extreme temperature and precipitation, diurnal temperature range, and various environmental responses. Patterns in historical climate data were analyzed for Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, for the interval 1890–2019. Combining the results, we concluded that precipitation did not linearly change during the past 7 decades, but it first increased from the 1950s to the late 1960s, consequently decreased until the early 1990s and, afterwards, presented an increase until 2020 with a smaller rate than the 1950–1960s. GAMs showcased that the trends were generally characterized by nonlinearity and precipitation over the study area presented high inter-decadal variability. Declining trends were more pronounced in winter over western and eastern Greece, but trends in spring, summer and autumn were mostly not significant. The results indicated significant declining inter-annual trends of areal precipitation over the study area. Additionally, in order to analyze and model the nonlinear relationships of monthly precipitation time series, we used generalized additive models (GAMs). For this purpose, we used ERA5 monthly precipitation data from 1950 to 2020 to estimate annual Theil–Sen trends and Mann–Kendall significance over Greece and surrounding areas. With this study, we aim to shed new light on the climatic characteristics and inter-annual trends of precipitation over Greece. ![]() Analysis of precipitation trends is challenging, especially in regions such as Greece, which is characterized by complex topography and includes several ungauged areas. The spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation have been significantly affected by climate change during the past decades. Precipitation is one of the most variable climatic parameters, as it is determined by many physical processes. ![]()
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